Intelligence and Espionage Art of War by Sun Tzu

Ancient Chinese war machine treatise by Sun Tzu

The Art of War

Author	(trad.) Sunday Tzu
State	Cathay
Linguistic communication	Classical Chinese
Subject	Military fine art
Publication engagement	fifth century BC
Text	The Art of War at Wikisource

The Fine art of War
Traditional Chinese	孫子兵法
Simplified Chinese	孙子兵法
Literal pregnant	"Master Sun's Military Methods"
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sūnzǐ bīngfǎ Wade–Giles Sun1-tzŭ3 ping1-fa3 IPA [swə́ntsɹ̩̀ píŋfà] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Syūnjí bīngfaat Jyutping Syun1-zi2 bing1-faat3 IPA [sýːntsǐː péŋfāːt̚] Southern Min Tâi-lô Sunday-tzú ping-huat Old Chinese Baxter–Sagart (2014) *sˤun tsəʔ praŋ p.kap

The Art of War (Chinese: 孫子兵法) is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating from the Late Spring and Autumn Period (roughly 5th century BC). The work, which is attributed to the ancient Chinese military machine strategist Lord's day Tzu ("Master Sun"), is composed of thirteen chapters. Each one is devoted to a different set of skills (or "fine art") related to warfare and how it applies to military strategy and tactics. For almost 1,500 years it was the lead text in an album that was formalized equally the Seven Military Classics by Emperor Shenzong of Song in 1080. The Art of War remains the most influential strategy text in Due east Asian warfare^[1] and has influenced both Far Eastern and Western armed forces thinking, business tactics, legal strategy, lifestyles and beyond.

The book contains a detailed explanation and analysis of the 5th-century BC Chinese military, from weapons and strategy to rank and discipline. Sun likewise stressed the importance of intelligence operatives and espionage to the state of war effort. Considered one of history's finest military tacticians and analysts, his teachings and strategies formed the basis of advanced military preparation for millennia to come.

The volume was translated into French and published in 1772 (re-published in 1782) by the French Jesuit Jean Joseph Marie Amiot. A partial translation into English was attempted by British officeholder Everard Ferguson Calthrop in 1905 under the championship The Book of War. The get-go annotated English translation was completed and published by Lionel Giles in 1910.^[2] War machine and political leaders such as the Chinese communist revolutionary Mao Zedong, Japanese daimyō Takeda Shingen, Vietnamese full general Võ Nguyên Giáp, and American military general Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. are all cited as having drawn inspiration from the book.^[3]

History [edit]

Text and commentaries [edit]

The Art of State of war is traditionally attributed to an ancient Chinese armed services general known as Lord's day Tzu (at present Romanized "Sunzi") meaning "Principal Sun". Dominicus Tzu was traditionally said to accept lived in the 6th century BC, just The Fine art of War 's earliest parts probably date to at least 100 years later.^[4]

Sima Qian'southward Records of the One thousand Historian, the starting time of Cathay's 24 dynastic histories, records an early Chinese tradition that a text on armed forces matters was written by one "Sunday Wu" ( 孫武 ) from the Land of Qi, and that this text had been read and studied by King Helü of Wu ( r. 514 BC – 495 BC).^[five] This text was traditionally identified with the received Primary Sun's Fine art of State of war. The conventional view was that Sunday Wu was a military machine theorist from the end of the Spring and Autumn period (776–471 BC) who fled his home land of Qi to the southeastern kingdom of Wu, where he is said to have impressed the king with his ability to train fifty-fifty "nice palace ladies" in warfare and to have made Wu'southward armies powerful plenty to challenge their western rivals in the state of Chu. This view is all the same widely held in China.^[6]

The strategist, poet, and warlord Cao Cao in the early tertiary century AD authored the earliest known commentary to the Fine art of War.^[v] Cao's preface makes clear that he edited the text and removed certain passages, but the extent of his changes were unclear historically.^[5] The Art of War appears throughout the bibliographical catalogs of the Chinese dynastic histories, merely listings of its divisions and size varied widely.^[five]

[edit]

Offset around the 12th century, some Chinese scholars began to uncertainty the historical existence of Lord's day Tzu, primarily on the grounds that he is not mentioned in the historical classic The Commentary of Zuo (Zuo Zhuan), which mentions well-nigh of the notable figures from the Spring and Fall period.^[v] The name "Sun Wu" ( 孫武 ) does not appear in whatever text prior to the Records of the Yard Historian,^[seven] and has been suspected to exist a fabricated-up descriptive cognomen meaning "the fugitive warrior": the surname "Dominicus" is glossed as the related term "fugitive" ( xùn , 遜 ), while "Wu" is the ancient Chinese virtue of "martial, valiant" ( wǔ , 武 ), which corresponds to Sunzi's role every bit the hero'south doppelgänger in the story of Wu Zixu.^[8] In the early 20th century, the Chinese writer and reformer Liang Qichao theorized that the text was actually written in the 4th century BC past Sun Tzu'due south purported descendant Sun Bin, as a number of historical sources mention a war machine treatise he wrote.^[5] Unlike Sun Wu, Sun Bin appears to accept been an actual person who was a genuine authority on military matters, and may have been the inspiration for the creation of the historical figure "Sun Tzu" through a course of euhemerism.^[8]

In 1972, the Yinqueshan Han slips were discovered in two Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 Advertizing) tombs nigh the metropolis of Linyi in Shandong Province.^[nine] Among the many bamboo slip writings contained in the tombs, which had been sealed betwixt 134 and 118  BC, respectively were two separate texts, one attributed to "Sun Tzu", corresponding to the received text, and another attributed to Dominicus Bin, which explains and expands upon the earlier The Art of State of war past Sunzi.^[10] The Sun Bin text's fabric overlaps with much of the "Sunday Tzu" text, and the two may be "a single, continuously developing intellectual tradition united under the Sun proper noun".^[11] This discovery showed that much of the historical confusion was due to the fact that there were ii texts that could have been referred to every bit "Principal Sun's Art of War", not one.^[10] The content of the earlier text is about one-third of the capacity of the modern The Art of War, and their text matches very closely.^[nine] It is at present generally accepted that the earlier The Art of State of war was completed sometime between 500 and 430 BC.^[10]

The 13 capacity [edit]

The Fine art of War is divided into 13 capacity (or piān ); the collection is referred to as being one zhuàn ("whole" or alternatively "chronicle").

The Art of War chapter names and contents

Chapter	Lionel Giles (1910)[12]	R. L. Wing (1988)	Ralph D. Sawyer (1996)	Chow-Hou Wee (2003)	Michael Nylan (2020)	Contents
I	Laying Plans	The Calculations	Initial Estimations	Particular Assessment and Planning (Chinese: 始計)	First Calculations	Explores the five fundamental factors (the Way, seasons, terrain, leadership, and management) and 7 elements that determine the outcomes of military engagements. By thinking, assessing and comparison these points, a commander can calculate his chances of victory. Habitual divergence from these calculations volition ensure failure via improper action. The text stresses that war is a very grave matter for the state and must non be commenced without due consideration.
II	Waging War	The Challenge	Waging State of war	Waging War (Chinese: 作戰)	Initiating Boxing	Explains how to sympathize the economic system of warfare and how success requires winning decisive engagements apace. This section advises that successful armed services campaigns require limiting the cost of competition and disharmonize.
Three	Attack by Stratagem	The Plan of Assault	Planning Offensives	Strategic Assault (Chinese: 謀攻)	Planning an Set on	Defines the source of strength as unity, non size, and discusses the v factors that are needed to succeed in any war. In order of importance, these critical factors are: Set on, Strategy, Alliances, Regular army and Cities.
4	Tactical Dispositions	Positioning	War machine Disposition	Disposition of the Army (Chinese: 軍形)	Forms to Perceive	Explains the importance of defending existing positions until a commander is capable of advancing from those positions in safety. It teaches commanders the importance of recognizing strategic opportunities, and teaches not to create opportunities for the enemy.
V	Use of Energy	Directing	Strategic War machine Ability	Forces (Chinese: 兵勢)	The Disposition of Ability	Explains the utilize of creativity and timing in building an regular army's momentum.
Six	Weak Points and Potent	Illusion and Reality	Vacuity and Substance	Weaknesses and Strengths (Chinese: 虛實)	Weak and Strong	Explains how an army's opportunities come up from the openings in the environment caused by the relative weakness of the enemy and how to reply to changes in the fluid battlefield over a given surface area.
Seven	Maneuvering an Army	Engaging The Strength	Military Combat	Armed services Maneuvers (Chinese: 軍爭)	Contending Armies	Explains the dangers of direct conflict and how to win those confrontations when they are forced upon the commander.
VIII	Variation of Tactics	The 9 Variations	Nine Changes	Variations and Adaptability (Chinese: 九變)	Ix Contingencies	Focuses on the need for flexibility in an army'southward responses. It explains how to respond to shifting circumstances successfully.
9	The Army on the March	Moving The Force	Maneuvering the Army	Move and Evolution of Troops (Chinese: 行軍)	Fielding the Regular army	Describes the different situations in which an army finds itself as it moves through new enemy territories, and how to respond to these situations. Much of this section focuses on evaluating the intentions of others.
X	Nomenclature of Terrain	Situational Positioning	Configurations of Terrain	Terrain (Chinese: 地形)	Conformations of the Lands	Looks at the three general areas of resistance (distance, dangers and barriers) and the six types of ground positions that ascend from them. Each of these six field positions offers sure advantages and disadvantages.
Eleven	The Ix Situations	The Nine Situations	9 Terrains	The Nine Battlegrounds (Chinese: 九地)	Nine Kinds of Ground	Describes the nine common situations (or stages) in a campaign, from scattering to deadly, and the specific focus that a commander will need in order to successfully navigate them.
XII	Attack by Burn	The Fiery Attack	Incendiary Attacks	Attacking with Fire (Chinese: 火攻)	Attacks with Burn	Explains the general use of weapons and the specific use of the surround every bit a weapon. This section examines the five targets for attack, the 5 types of environmental attack and the appropriate responses to such attacks.
XIII	Use of Spies	The Apply of Intelligence	Employing Spies	Intelligence and Espionage (Chinese: 用間)	Using Spies	Focuses on the importance of developing skillful information sources, and specifies the v types of intelligence sources and how to best manage each of them.

Cultural influence [edit]

Military and intelligence applications [edit]

Across E Asia, The Art of War was office of the syllabus for potential candidates of military service examinations.

During the Sengoku period (c.  1467–1568), the Japanese daimyō Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) is said to have become almost invincible in all battles without relying on guns, considering he studied The Art of War.^[13] The book even gave him the inspiration for his famous battle standard "Fūrinkazan" (Wind, Forest, Burn down and Mountain), meaning fast every bit the current of air, silent every bit a forest, ferocious as burn and immovable equally a mountain.

The translator Samuel B. Griffith offers a chapter on "Sun Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung" where The Fine art of State of war is cited as influencing Mao's On Guerrilla Warfare, On the Protracted War and Strategic Issues of People's republic of china's Revolutionary War, and includes Mao's quote: "We must non belittle the maxim in the book of Sun Wu Tzu, the dandy military machine expert of aboriginal China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a thousand battles without disaster.'"^[13]

During the Vietnam State of war, some Vietcong officers extensively studied The Art of War and reportedly could recite entire passages from retentiveness. General Võ Nguyên Giáp successfully implemented tactics described in The Fine art of War during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu ending major French involvement in Indochina and leading to the accords which partitioned Vietnam into North and S. Full general Võ, later the main PVA military commander in the Vietnam War, was an gorging student and practitioner of Sun Tzu's ideas.^[14] America'south defeat in that location, more than than whatever other event, brought Sun Tzu to the attention of leaders of U.S. military theory.^{[xiv] [fifteen] [16]}

The Department of the Army in the U.s.a., through its Command and General Staff Higher, lists The Fine art of War as i example of a volume that may be kept at a armed forces unit of measurement's library.^[17]

The Art of War is listed on the Marine Corps Professional person Reading Program (formerly known equally the Commandant's Reading Listing). It is recommended reading for all United States Military Intelligence personnel.^[18]

The Art of War is used as instructional textile at the U.s. Military Academy at Westward Indicate, in the course War machine Strategy (470),^[19] and it is also recommended reading for Officer cadets at the Royal Armed forces Academy, Sandhurst. Some notable military leaders have stated the following about Dominicus Tzu and The Art of War:

"I always kept a copy of The Fine art of War on my desk."^[twenty] – General Douglas MacArthur, v Star General & Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers.

"I have read The Art of War by Sun Tzu. He continues to influence both soldiers & politicians."^[21] – Full general Colin Powell, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Advisor, and Secretary of Country.

According to some authors, the strategy of charade from The Art of State of war was studied and widely used by the KGB: "I volition force the enemy to have our strength for weakness, and our weakness for force, and thus will turn his force into weakness".^[22] The volume is widely cited by KGB officers in charge of disinformation operations in Vladimir Volkoff's novel Le Montage.

Finnish Field Align Mannerheim and general Aksel Airo were avid readers of Art of State of war; Airo kept the volume on his bedside tabular array in his quarters.^{[ citation needed ]}

Application outside the armed forces [edit]

The Fine art of State of war has been practical to many fields outside of the military. Much of the text is about how to outsmart ane's opponent without actually having to engage in physical battle. Every bit such, it has plant application as a training guide for many competitive endeavors that do not involve actual combat.

The Fine art of State of war is mentioned as an influence in the earliest known Chinese collection of stories about fraud (mostly in the realm of commerce), Zhang Yingyu'due south The Book of Swindles ( Du pian xin shu , 杜騙新書 , c.  1617), which dates to the late Ming dynasty.^[23]

Many business books take applied the lessons taken from the volume to office politics and corporate business strategy.^{[24] [25] [26]} Many Japanese companies brand the volume required reading for their key executives.^[27] The book is also pop amongst Western business circles citing its utilitarian values regarding management practices. Many entrepreneurs and corporate executives have turned to it for inspiration and advice on how to succeed in competitive business situations. The book has also been applied to the field of education.^[28]

The Art of War has been the subject of legal books^[29] and legal articles on the trial process, including negotiation tactics and trial strategy.^{[30] [31] [32] [33]}

The book The 48 Laws of Ability past Robert Greene employs philosophies covered in The Fine art of War.^[34]

The Art of War has also been applied in sports. National Football League coach Beak Belichick, tape holder of the most Super Bowl wins in history, has stated on multiple occasions his adoration for The Fine art of State of war.^{[35] [36]} Brazilian association football game bus Luiz Felipe Scolari actively used The Art of War for Brazil's successful 2002 World Loving cup campaign. During the tournament Scolari put passages of The Art of State of war underneath his players' doors in the nighttime.^{[37] [38]}

The Art of State of war is often quoted while developing tactics and/or strategy in esports. "Play To Win" by David Sirlin analyses applications of the ideas from The Art of War in modern esports. The Art of State of war was released in 2014 as an eastward-book companion aslope the Fine art of War DLC for Europa Universalis IV, a PC strategy game by Paradox Development Studios, with a foreword by Thomas Johansson.

Moving-picture show and idiot box [edit]

The Fine art of War and Lord's day Tzu have been referenced and quoted in many movies and television shows, including In the 1987 flick Wall Street, Gordon Gekko (Michael Douglas) oft references information technology ^[39] The 20th James Bond movie, Dice Another Twenty-four hours (2002) besides references The Art of State of war as the spiritual guide shared by Colonel Moon and his father.^[forty] and in The Sopranos. In season 3, episode eight ("He Is Risen"), Dr. Melfi suggests to Tony Soprano that he read the book.^[41] and the Star Trek: The Next Generation starting time-season episode "The Terminal Outpost", William Riker quotes The Art of War to Captain Picard, who expressed pleasure that Dominicus Tzu was withal taught at Starfleet Academy. Afterwards in the episode, a survivor from a long-expressionless nonhuman empire noted common aspects between his own people's wisdom and The Art of War with regard to knowing when and when not to fight.^{[ commendation needed ]}

The Fine art of War is a 2000 action spy film directed by Christian Duguay and starring Wesley Snipes, Michael Biehn, Anne Archer and Donald Sutherland.^[42]

Notable translations [edit]

• Dominicus Tzu on the Art of War. Translated by Lionel Giles. London: Luzac and Company. 1910.
• The Art of War. Translated by Samuel B. Griffith. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1963. ISBN978-0-nineteen-501476-1. Part of the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works.
• Sun Tzu, The Fine art of War. Translated past Thomas Cleary. Boston: Shambhala Dragon Editions. 1988. ISBN978-0877734529.
• The Art of Warfare. Translated by Roger Ames. Random Firm. 1993. ISBN978-0-345-36239-1. .
• The Art of War. Translated by John Minford. New York: Viking. 2002. ISBN978-0-670-03156-6.
• The Art of War: Sunzi'south Armed forces Methods. Translated by Victor H. Mair. New York: Columbia Academy Printing. 2007. ISBN978-0-231-13382-one.
• The Art of State of war. Translated past Peter Harris. Lowest's Library. 2018. ISBN978-1101908006.
• The Science of War: Sun Tzu'due south Fine art of War re-translated and re-considered. Translated past Christopher MacDonald. Hong Kong: Earnshaw Books. 2018. ISBN978-988-8422-69-two.
• The Fine art of War. Translated past Michael Nylan. Due west.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 2020. ISBN9781324004899.

Encounter likewise [edit]

Concepts [edit]

• Armed forces treatise
• Philosophy of war

Books [edit]

• Achtung – Panzer! by Heinz Guderian
• Arthashastra
• Bansenshukai
• Commentarii de Bello Gallico (Commentaries on the Gallic War) by Julius Caesar
• Dream Pool Essays by Shen Kuo
• Epitoma rei militaris by Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus
• Guerrilla Warfare by Che Guevara
• Hagakure by Yamamoto Tsunetomo
• History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides
• Huolongjing by Liu Bowen
• Infanterie Greift An by Erwin Rommel
• On Protracted War by Mao Zedong
• On War past Carl von Clausewitz
• Records of the Grand Historian
• 7 Military Classics
• Seven Pillars of Wisdom by T. E. Lawrence
• The 33 Strategies of War
• The Art of War by Niccolò Machiavelli
• The Book of Five Rings (Miyamoto Musashi)
• The Influence of Sea Power upon History by Alfred Thayer Mahan
• The Jewish War by Josephus
• The Science of Armed services Strategy
• The Utility of Force past Rupert Smith
• Thirty-Six Stratagems

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ Smith (1999), p. 216.
2. ^ Giles, Lionel The Art of War by Sun Tzu – Special Edition. Special Edition Books. 2007. p. 62.
3. ^ Hlavatý, Jozef; Ližbetin, Ján (2021-01-01). "The Use of the Art of War Ideas in the Strategic Decision-making of the Company". Transportation Research Procedia. 14th International scientific briefing on sustainable, mod and safe transport. 55: 1273–1280. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2021.07.110. ISSN 2352-1465.
4. ^ Lewis (1999), p. 604.
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 447.
6. ^ Mair (2007), pp. 12–xiii.
7. ^ Mair (2007), p. nine.
8. ^ ^{a b} Mair (2007), p. 10.
9. ^ ^{a b} Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 448.
10. ^ ^{a b c} Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 449.
11. ^ Marking Edward Lewis (2005), quoted in Mair (2007), p. 18.
12. ^ Sunzi (2009). Shawn Conners (ed.). Sun-tzu ping fa [The art of war]. Translated past Lionel Giles (Classic ed.). El Paso, TX: El Paso Norte Press. ISBN978-1-934255-fifteen-5. OCLC 433665014.
13. ^ ^{a b} Griffith, Samuel B. The Illustrated Fine art of War. 2005. Oxford University Press. pp. 17, 141–43.
14. ^ ^{a b} McCready, Douglas. Learning from Dominicus Tzu, Military Review, May–June 2003."Learning from Sun Tzu". Archived from the original on 2011-ten-eleven. Retrieved 2009-12-19 .
15. ^ Interview with Dr. William Duiker, Conversation with Sonshi
16. ^ Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2012). The Illustrated Art of War: Sun Tzu. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN B00B91XX8U
17. ^ Army, U. South. (1985). War machine History and Professional person Development. U. Due south. Army Command and Full general Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Found. 85-CSI-21 85.
18. ^ "Letters".
19. ^ "Section of Armed forces Instruction Chore Opportunities | United States Armed services Academy W Point". westpoint.edu . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
20. ^ United States Military Posture for FY1989 (Washington, DC: U.S. Regime Printing Role, 1989), 5–6, 93–94.
21. ^ "Chinese Military Strategist Sunday Tzu Reveals Secrets to Success | Leaderonomics".
22. ^ Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The State Inside a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia – Past, Present, and Future. 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-5, affiliate Who was behind perestroika?
23. ^ "Search Results | book of swindles | Columbia University Press". Columbia University Printing.
24. ^ Michaelson, Gerald. "Sun Tzu: The Art of State of war for Managers; 50 Strategic Rules." Avon, MA: Adams Media, 2001
25. ^ McNeilly, Mark. "Sun Tzu and the Art of Business : Six Strategic Principles for Managers. New York:Oxford University Press, 1996.
26. ^ Krause, Donald Chiliad. "The Art of War for Executives: Aboriginal Noesis for Today's Business organisation Professional." New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 1995.
27. ^ Kammerer, Peter. "The Art of Negotiation." South China Morning Post (April 21, 2006) p. xv
28. ^ Jeffrey, D (2010). "A Teacher Diary Written report to Employ Aboriginal Art of State of war Strategies to Professional Development". The International Journal of Learning. 7 (iii): 21–36.
29. ^ Barnhizer, David. The Warrior Lawyer: Powerful Strategies for Winning Legal Battles Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Bridge Street Books, 1997.
30. ^ Balch, Christopher D., "The Art of War and the Art of Trial Advocacy: Is There Mutual Ground?" (1991), 42 Mercer L. Rev. 861–73
31. ^ Beirne, Martin D. and Scott D. Marrs, The Art of War and Public Relations: Strategies for Successful Litigation
32. ^ Pribetic, Antonin I., "The Trial Warrior: Applying Sunday Tzu's The Art of War to Trial Advancement" April 21, 2007
33. ^ Solomon, Samuel H., "The Fine art of State of war: Pursuing Electronic Bear witness as Your Corporate Opportunity"
34. ^ "The 48 Laws of Power by Robert Greene". Penguin Random House Canada . Retrieved 2020-10-27 .
35. ^ Lauletta, Tyler. "Bill Belichick explains how advice from Sun Tzu's 'The Art of War' helped build the Patriots dynasty". Business concern Insider . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
36. ^ "Put crafty Belichick's patriot games down to the fine fine art of state of war". The Sydney Forenoon Herald. 2005-02-04. Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
37. ^ July 2011, Celso de Campos Jr 01 (July 2011). "Luiz Felipe Scolari: Ane-on-I". fourfourtwo.com . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
38. ^ Wintertime, Henry (June 29, 2006). "Mind games reach new high as Scolari studies art of war". Irish Contained.
39. ^ "Bud Fox: Sun-tzu: If your enemy is superior, evade him. If angry, irritate him. If equally matched, fight, and if not split and reevaluate". www.quotes.cyberspace . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
40. ^ Die Some other Day (2002) - IMDb , retrieved 2020-06-05
41. ^ Globe, Boston. "Hey, if Tony's reading it, information technology's got to exist good". baltimoresun.com . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
42. ^ "The Fine art of War (2000) - IMDb". IMDb.

Sources [edit]

• Gawlikowski, Krzysztof; Loewe, Michael (1993). "Sunday tzu ping fa 孫子兵法". In Loewe, Michael (ed.). Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide. Berkeley, CA: Guild for the Written report of Early People's republic of china; Plant of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. pp. 446–55. ISBN978-1-55729-043-iv.
• Graff, David A. (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900. Warfare and History. London: Routledge. ISBN978-0415239554.
• Griffith, Samuel (2005). Sun Tzu: The Illustrated Fine art of War. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0195189995.
• Lewis, Mark Edward (1999). "Warring States Political History". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward (eds.). The Cambridge History of Aboriginal China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 587–650. ISBN978-0-521-47030-8.
• Mair, Victor H. (2007). The Art of State of war: Dominicus Zi's Military Methods. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN978-0-231-13382-1.
• Smith, Kidder (1999). "The Military Texts: The Sunzi". In de Bary, Wm. Theodore (ed.). Sources of Chinese Tradition: From Earliest Times to 1600, Volume one (2d ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 213–24. ISBN978-0-231-10938-3.
• Yuen, Derek 1000. C. (2014). Deciphering Sun Tzu: How to Read 'The Art of War' . Oxford Academy Press. ISBN978-0199373512.
• Вєдєнєєв, Д. В.; Гавриленко, О. А.; Кубіцький, С. О. (2017). Остроухова, В. В. (ed.). Еволюція воєнного мистецтва: у 2 ч.

External links [edit]

• The Fine art of War at Standard Ebooks
• The Fine art of State of war Chinese-English bilingual edition, Chinese Text Projection
• The Art of War at Project Gutenberg translated by Lionel Giles (1910)
• The Fine art of State of war at Project Gutenberg translated (with Chinese text) by Lionel Giles (1910)
• The Book of State of war at Project Gutenberg translated by Due east.F. Calthrop (1908)
• The Art of State of war public domain audiobook at LibriVox (English and Chinese original available)
• Sun Tzu's Art of War at Sonshi (archive.today) Alternative link
• Dominicus Tzu and Information Warfare at the Institute for National Strategic Studies of National Defence force Academy
• xi The Nine Situations | The Art of War by Sun Tzu (Animated)
• The Fine art of State of war illustrated version, on Theoriq.com

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War